The Club Filipino and the Nacionalista Party

This cast-iron memorial in Metro Manila commemorates two institutions central to Philippine national identity: the Club Filipino, one of the oldest social clubs of the Filipino elite, and the Partido Nacionalista, the country's oldest political party, founded in 1907. The Nacionalistas led the independence movement against American colonial rule and produced several presidents of the republic. Erected in 1996, the memorial holds together the intertwined histories of upper-class civic life and political activism that shaped the modern Philippine state.